Alex+Bullock's+Project

After a lot of thought, I've decided to change the focus of my research paper to something directly focusing on the UCF campus, not that a paper on the perspectives of frontier women would not be interesting. This new topic would allow me to do my own first-hand research, which could be a lot of fun. Also, I feel that this topic would be mor relatable to UCF students who may read it. At this point, I'm bouncing around a few thesis ideas, but I'm having trouble finalizing a specific one. Feel free to comment, just be sure to say who you are =)

Some pictures that I'm planning on using for my paper will be up soon. More pictures will be uploaded soon...

Alex Bullock AMH 3930H Dr. Lester & Dr. Walker 30 April 2012 The King, the Farmer, and the Natural Environment High Modernism at the University of Central Florida and a Note on its Legibility  High modernism, according to James C. Scott, in his book __Seeing like a State—How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed__, is the “administrative ordering of nature and society” (88). He expands on this topic in the following excerpt: It is best described as a strong (one might even say muscle-bound) version of the beliefs in scientific and technical progress that were associated with industrialization in Western Europe and in North America from roughly 1830 until World War I. At its center was supreme self-confidence about continued linear progress, the development of scientific and technical knowledge, the expansion of production, the rational design of social order, the growing satisfaction of human needs, and, not least, an increasing control over nature (including human nature) commensurate with scientific understanding of natural laws (89-90). During the time period that Scott refers to here, society in America experienced a paradigm shift. The strange wilderness that had intimidated the first pioneers of the Americas had been conquered, and was now being twisted by the will of man to suit his needs. As industrialization marched onward, the ability of mankind to make the world legible eventually caught up with its desire for control. Ultimately, it is the desire of legibility through control that gave rise to the idea of high modernism. This idea, however, manifests itself in reality only under the confluence of certain circumstances—the desire to structure nature and society according to scientific logic, the unrestrained use of power of the modern state as an instrument for achieving this order, and the inability of society to resist these changes stimulate the acceptance and implementation of high modernist ideas (Scott 88-90). Today, high modernism is most evident in the design of urban environments. Shortly, we’ll take a look at the University of Central Florida, and how high modernism has found its way into that urban environment. Before that, however, the most important aspect of high modernism must be evaluated. The key aspect of high modernism is the relationship between the administrative body and the state that it is governing. It has been hinted that high modernism describes a circumstance in which the administrative body (which will be referred to as the ‘king’ from here on out) shapes the environment, including society, according to scientific logic, and is not distracted by designs inspired by politics, religion, traditions, or historical trends (Scott 87-146). Put simply, under the influence of high modernism, the king does little, if any, investigation into the opinions of the people living there (Scott 103-146) For this reason, some proposals made by the king are not accepted by the community, which may irritate the relationship between the two. It is at this point that there are three general outcomes: acceptance, resistance, or indifference. The king, though, should not be mistaken as an over-bearing dictator who is unsympathetic of the people. The case is quite the opposite. High modernism is rooted in the desire to advance and improve the living conditions of people living in urban environments. Unfortunately, the architects of high modernism were misguided in believing that designs influenced strictly by science and logic would be whole-heartedly accepted by the community. However misguided, their intentions are fair.  Secondly, it is important that we determine the roles and functions of the “king”, the “farmer”, and the “natural environment” as they pertain to the college environment before transposing this discussion onto the UCF campus.  Besides the king, the farmer, and the natural environment, there is a fourth entity, which will be described before the others. These entities are those visitors which spend a short amount of time on the UCF campus, who do not live on-campus or near-by, and who will only experience UCF on the most basic level: the visual level. It will be explained later in more detail, but one of the goals of the UCF administration is to make the campus as appealing as possible to visitors (for obvious reasons including pride, recruitment, and funding). Because of this goal, changes are made to the UCF campus which may not benefit the attending students.  Similar to how produce is grown on a farm is the manner in which knowledge is developed in college. It seems only natural, then, to describe college students as ‘farmers.’ In the hierarchy of power, farmers lie above the natural environment (this is not always the case, but will be so for the purpose of this discussion) and below the king. As far as control goes, the king has the power to control both the farmers and the natural environment, while the farmer has control over the natural environment only, but may resist the king. As it was mentioned before, ‘king’ is a title given to the administrative body, which in this case, is President of UCF Dr. John C. Hitt (and his staff), Provost and Executive Vice President Dr. Tony G. Waldrop (and his staff), as well as the University’s board of trustees, which includes Matt McCann, Marcos R. Marchena, Ida J. Cook, Jim Atchison, Michael J. Grindstaff, Olga Calvet, Richard T. Crotty, Meg C. Crofton, Harris Rosen, Ray Gilley, John Sprouls, and Dr. Hitt (www.ucf.edu). For the purpose of this discussion, the king can also be expanded to include anyone who is in a position to make decisions pertaining to changes being made on the UCF campus, which, as will be discussed later, could be something as small as the placement of a fence. The goal of the UCF king is somewhat of a paradox, since it includes ideas which are often in conflict with themselves. This goal includes maintaining a campus which embodies the best possible learning environment for its students, while at the same time, making the campus look as appealing as possible to its visitors. Put simply, the king wishes his kingdom to be functional, yet beautiful. Sometimes, one must come at the expense of the other. So the question becomes which has priority over the other? This is the focus of the pages to come. First and foremost, a college campus is, in itself, a center of high modernism, in that it promotes high modernist ideals; what is the College of Sciences if not a place for the “development of scientific and technical knowledge?” Does the College of Engineering and Computer Science not promote “linear progress…the expansion of production…the rational design of social order?” and doesn’t the Rosen College of Hospitality Management exist out of the “growing satisfaction of human needs?” A visual analysis will provide more tangible evidence. Starting from the outside and working our way in, we’ll look at the shape of the UCF campus itself. UCF is designed much like Disney’s Magic Kingdom (note that this is a matter of correlation and not causation—similar thinking may have caused similar planning, but UCF not intentionally designed to look like the Magic Kingdom). The largest and most identifiable building is at the center of the complex, with surrounding areas separated by their characteristics, or type. Both designs utilize concentric circles to separate the different areas, each of which can be viewed as its own community. Included are pictures of the UCF campus and of the Magic Kingdom. Notice the use of circles in directing people flow and to separate the different communities. Occupying the central area, much like Cinderella’s Castle, is the Student Union. Surrounding that are classrooms and other academic buildings. This region can be subdivided into specific academic areas, such as engineering, or humanities. This is very similar to the way in which the Magic kingdom is subdivided into the <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">different “lands” which enclose Cinderella’s Castle. Notice the striking resemblance between Memory Mall at UCF and Main Street, U.S.A. at the Magic kingdom. Furthermore, at the <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">outskirts of both complexes are areas for housing and parking (hotels and parking lots are not shown on the included map of the Magic Kingdom). How do these design characteristics define UCF as a high modernist area? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">First of all, the Magic Kingdom is constructed as a tourist center. Designs of both complexes reflect the intent of the king to draw people in from the surrounding areas. In fact, both of the supplied pictures are of ‘you-are-here’ directories from the respective areas. This shows a desire to aid visitors to the campus/park through means that do not help those already living/working in the area. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">A criticism of high modernism could be that it serves to make an area look good from the perspective of the outside world, through means which may not improve the conditions of those living there (Scott 104).The resemblance between the UCF campus and Disney’s Magic Kingdom suggest the validity of this criticism, but its proof can be found with more specific observations. The first of several observations is that of UCF’s reflecting pond and fountain (pictured on the following page). The reflecting pond is one of the most beautiful aspects of the UCF campus, but besides offering a picturesque landscape by which to read or study, it provides little to help the day-to-day activities of students. Its main purpose, it can be theorized, is to draw in perspective students and other visitors with its beauty. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Next, let’s consider parking garage H, a parking garage that was recently built near the Nicholson School of Communication and Lake Claire Apartments. It is true that UCF has an issue with a lack of parking space around campus, but the location of garage H hardly provides a solution, since the Nicholson School of Communication and Lake Claire Apartments already have adequate parking. The true purpose for garage H’s construction could be to relieve some of the chaos and parking issues involved with on-campus events (such as football games or concerts). Considering this, garage H illustrates high modernism for two reasons. Firstly, it demonstrates the high modernist idea of controlling social order—sure, the garage provides additional parking for students, but its designers assumed that it would be utilized despite not being located near popular campus locations. The logic was that additional parking anywhere on campus would be greatly utilized, but this is not the case, as garage H is always “open." Secondly, garage H was built with the additional intent to ease the parking of visitors to on-campus events, demonstrating high modernism’s goal of making an area more appealing to visitors. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> In conjunction with this idea, and very closely related to garage H physically is a bridge (pictured to the right). The bridge and included path connect garage H to the edge of memory mall near the psychology building. Taking into account the locations that this bridge connects, we can determine the motivation behind its construction. Like garage H, the bridge provides little convenience to most students because it connects two relatively point that people rarely travel between. In fact, during the two busiest hours of the week (11 AM to 1 PM on Wednesday), you would expect to see approximately 25 to 30 people use the bridge. However, during one of the previously mentioned on-campus events, the bridge becomes a much more popular path. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> So far we have looked at physical objects that have been built by the king based upon logic and intended to control the social order of the campus—The parking garage was constructed in order to reshape the way people park, and in a similar manner, the bridge was meant to redirect human traffic flow from this garage to other areas of campus. Putting these aside for a moment, we can discuss another aspect of high modernism and how it has shaped the UCF campus. In addition to controlling social dynamics, the king, with high modernism in mind, desires also to control nature. Consider this picture of some trees what were recently planted on memory mall. These trees illustrate high modernism in two ways. First, the trees are planted in a straight line which demonstrates a control of the natural world, as well as a dedication to the geometric planning of urban areas. Both are practices that are held in high regard by high modernist thinkers. In a recent interview of student athletes playing ultimate frisbee on memory mall (in the exact area shown in the picture), opposition to the planting of the trees was voiced. The trees were planted in the areas where the players placed their end zones. For years, these players had shaped their playing field according to the dimensions of memory mall: the sidelines were bound by the sidewalk and sewer grate, and their end zones extended from the edge of the sidewalk (shown here) and the benches (not pictured). The trees have become an inconvenience to the players who now have to play around them, and even unsafe for the players. In the interview, the players explained several instances where players were hurt, and even severely injured because of the trees’ placement on the field. The interview introduces the second point that can be made—the planting of the trees represents a plan that was ordered by the king, and carried out without determining the opinions of the people who use the land. Upon being asked if the trees should be removed, the players responded unanimously “yes.” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">The natural world is controlled in many other parts of campus, but it is especially evident at Lake Claire, where docks have been constructed beside artificial beaches, where tress have been cleared away for a parking lot, and where an open field and day area not exist where there was once dense forest.
 * 1. Hierarchy of Power and Control ||
 * 2. UCF Campus Map ||
 * 3. Magic Kingdom Orlando Park Map ||
 * 4. UCF Reflecting Pond ||
 * 5. Bridge connecting parking garage H and memory mall ||
 * 7. Lake Claire ||
 * 8. Lake Claire recreational area ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">It was touched on earlier that there are three responses that the farmers can have to the actions of the king: acceptance, indifference, and resistance. The reflecting pond, parking garage, and bridge show instances of acceptance and/or resistance, but what happens when the farmers react with resistance? To answer this question, we can look at the many foot-paths across campus, and the different reactions that the king has had towards them.
 * 9. Lake Claire parking lot ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Above are pictures of a foot-path that has been worn into the grass near the Nicholson School of Communication. The king has presently not responded to this path, hinting that the process of acceptance, indifference, and resistance is a two-way street. In this case, the king is responding with indifference towards the actions of the farmers. This is an instance where we see the king breaking away from the high modernist ideology, allowing the degradation of the campus in order to allow the continued convenience of travel for the students. The king, however, reacted quite differently with regards to a path being created just outside of Ferrell Commons. Here, a fence was constructed in order to prevent students from continuing to walk over the grass. In this case, high modernism out-weighed the desires of the students, as well as rejected accepted practices of sidewalk design, as the fences both inconvenienced the students and impeded the natural flow of human traffic (Loukaitou-Siders and Ehrenfeucht 222-223). A similar fence was erected in between two buildings on a different part of campus (pictured on the following page). Here you can see that this fence also <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> aims to prevent people from walking through the grass, but creates a bottle-neck in arguable the most walked and most heavily congested area on campus. Unsurprisingly, this fence was demolished a week after these photos were taken. The fence could have been removed purposely by an irritated student or faculty member, or it could have been knocked down accidently by a skate boarder or biker. Whatever the case, the fence demonstrated a failure on the king’s part, because he installed a fence that was either viewed as an inconvenience, or seen as an unsafe obstacle. Both outcomes reveal that little investigation was done on the part of the king into the opinions of the public (much like the planting of the trees on memory mall). The result is what would happen if an action of the king is met with resistance. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Although examples of high modernism on the UCF campus have just been explained in detail, you should not get the wrong impression of the UCF campus. There are plenty of examples in which low modernism is exhibited on campus. Low Modernism is briefly outlined by J. R. McNeil in his book __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World. __<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> In a general sense, low modernism is simply the opposite of high modernism, in that unlike high modernism, low modernism drives the king to build an urban environment that aids the living conditions of its citizens, independently of how this aid makes the city appear to the outside world. We see a glimpse of this idea in the foot-paths that were left unaltered by the building of fences. Low modernism is even more evident in the pavement of those paths (depicted in the following photos).
 * 10. Foot-path near the Nicholson School of Communication ||
 * 12. Foot-path and fence in between two buildings ||
 * 14. Newly paved sidewalk near Business Administration ||


 * 15. Newly paved sidewalk near the Burnett Honors College ||


 * 13. Newly paved sidewalk near garage A ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> The three paths above were once foot-paths like those previously described, but have become paved over. This shows the acceptance on the king’s part to the convenience of these paths, and in convergence with low modernist ideas, has decided to make them a permanent part of the campus. The different color of the pavements in comparison with the adjacent sidewalks shows that they were put in at different times. Additional evidence of low modernism comes in the shape of sanded-down sidewalk edges (pictured below). This was done with several purposes in mind. First, it could have been done for safety reasons (to prevent people from tripping and falling over the raised edges. Second, it could have been done to promote long-boarding, a popular mode of transportation on campus. The intent of meeting both goals reveals a third motive. According to the book __Sidewalks—Conflicts and Negotiation over Public Space__, sidewalks should be constructed to meet the many needs of the people (Loukaitou-Siders and Ehrenfeucht 123). In this case, the sidewalks must meet both modes of transportation. Failure to do so would result in disapproval of the sidewalks, rendering them a negative change over the original foot-paths. Either way, the sanded areas are easily noticeable, and exemplify a break in high modernism for that reason. On the other hand, they typify low modernism, because they aid in the transportation of people around campus. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> One of the side effects of high modernism is an increase in legibility, or the ability to readily determine, measure, and quantify the characteristics of someone or something of a particular area (Scott 53-83). Legibility on the UCF campus takes place at several levels. UCF is different from most other college campuses, in that it is entirely self-contained. Put another way, the boarders of the UCF campus are so clear that you can trace out the entire campus on a map with a pen. For this reason, anyone, even a person who is relatively new to the area, can say with confidence whether or not he or she is on campus or off of it. Compare the campuses of UCF and UF. Unlike UCF, the UF campus is quite intermingled with the city of Gainesville. Directions from one building to the other on the UF campus might very well include going past businesses, gas stations, and other non-college related buildings. The impact of legibility on the activities that take place on a university campus is evident in the interviews of the UCF police department and the UF police department. It was determined from these interviews that the jurisdiction of the campus police is more readily determined for the UCFPD and of the UFPD. It can be deduced that the legibility of their respective campuses from the surrounding city is a factor. Legibility can also be observed on the more personal level. It was explained previously that the UCF campus can be subdivided into regions of different academic influences, such as engineering and humanities. For this reason, the majors and academic pursuits of the people in those areas can likely be deduced without having to ask them. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> In conclusion, modernism is not a matter of being black or white, but is instead a spectrum, ranging from high modernism to low modernism. The UCF campus is a testament to this assertion, exhibiting both high and low modernist ideals. A word to the wise—A college campus was used here to indentify aspects of high modernism and low modernism, and has proven modernism as a spectrum, but it should be taken with a grain of salt. A college campus, is not a typical urban environment, in the fact that college students are significantly more active politically than most of the population. As Scott explains, high modernism exists, in part, out of the inability of society to resist it. Political action is a major opponent of high modernist changes, and is therefore kept in check by the continual political involvement of college students. Evidence of this evaluation is supplied by Danielle Robinson in her article “Modernism at a Crossroad: The Spadina Expressway Controversy in Toronto, Ontario ca. 1960-1971.” In the article, Robinson describes the scenario in which the local residents of Toronto rejected the building of an expressway through the heart of the city. They were victorious against the high modernist movement through continued political involvement spanning a decade. After looking at this evidence, it is clear that high modernism, at least on college campuses, will never fully take root so long as college students remain politically involved. After all, the only changes possible are those that we allow to take place.
 * 16. Sanded down sidewalk edges ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Works Cited <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Loukaitou-Siders, Anastasia, and Renia Ehrenfeucht. //Sidealks - Conflict and Negotiation Over Public Space//. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mitt Press, 2009. 123-126, 221-224. Print. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Magic Kingdom Park Map //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">. 2012. Map. Disney World Resort. Orlando, Florida. Web. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">McNeil, J.R. //Something New Under the Sun - An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World//. New York: W. W. Nortan and Company, 2001. Print. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Robinson, Danielle. "Modernism at a Crossroad: The Spadina Expressway Controversy in Toronto, Canada ca. 1960-1971." //Canadian Historical Review//. 92.2 (2011). Web. 20 Mar. 2012. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Scott, James C. //Seeing like a State - How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition have Failed//. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. 87-146. Print. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Student Athletes. Personal Interview. 5 Apr 2012. // UCF Campus Directory //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">. Map. University of Central Florida. Orlando, Florida. Web. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">UCFPD. Telephone Interview. 27 Apr 2012. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">UFPD. Telephone Interview. 27 Apr 2012.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Annotated Bibliography <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Allenby, Brad. "High Modernism Redivivus." //Journal of Industrial Ecology//. 3.4 (2000): n. page. Web. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> This article is full of useful information that I will bear in mind as I am writing my paper, but it looks at high modernism through a focused lens. The article is narrow, because it is the response of Brad Allenby to a criticism made by Friedman. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Booth, Alan. //Urban Crowding and Its Consequences//. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1976. Print. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> A section of this book hints at the resulting human patterns from crowding, but it seems that by using this source I might be opening up the focus of my paper. In other words, the reader may feel that I am suggesting that the UCF campus s over crowded. However, I may use some of the information in the book when I discuss the fence that was constructed between two buildings, creating a bottleneck. This book is also way too old to be used. I intent to use information collected within the last decade. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Cresswell, Roy. //Quality in Urban Planning and Design//. Boston: Butterworth and Company Inc., 1979. Print. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> This is source is too out-dated to be considered a quality source. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Heathcott, Joseph. "Score One for Modernism in St. Louis - A Bold Plan to Save a 1930s Project." //American Planning Association//. (2006): 42-43. Web. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> This article is very short (only two pages) and its title is misleading. Modernism here is not the same as high modernism that is the focus of my paper. Instead, it is used to refer to a revival of the old, while retaining the history of an area, rather than a completely new construction of an area without regard towards historical significance. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Klein, Donald C. //Psychology of the Planned Community - The New Town Experience//. New York: Human Sciences Press, 1978. Print. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> This book discusses the psychology behind the desire for utopia, as was as an analysis of Columbia, Maryland. I think that this book can be helpful if I decide to make a connection between utopias and high modernism. This would be an extra incentive however, and will not be a main point in my paper. I am concerned with the date this book was published. Again, I would like to use information from the last ten years. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Loukaitou-Siders, Anastasia, and Renia Ehrenfeucht. //Sidealks - Conflict and Negotiation Over Public Space//. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mitt Press, 2009. 123-126, 221-224. Print. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> The bulk of this book will not prove to be useful to me, but there a few points that are made that I would like to use in my paper. First, the authors discuss the many needs that a sidewalk must meet in order to be fully functional. Second, they mention that a sidewalk must maintain continued and natural traffic flow. Both of these ideas can be used in conjunction with my discussion on the fences. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Low, Setha, Dana Taplin, and Suzanne Scheld. //Rethinking Urban Parks: Public Space and Cultural Diversity//. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2005. Print. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> Like several others, this book is a sort of a ‘how-to’ in building an urban environment. It provides little analysis into the sociology behind decision-making. I do not think that I can use this source. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Magic Kingdom Park Map //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">. 2012. Map. Disney World Resort. Orlando, Florida. Web. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">This site provides a map of the Magic Kingdom, which looks similar to the UCF campus. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">McNeil, J.R. //Something New Under the Sun - An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World//. New York: W. W. Nortan and Company, 2001. Print. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> Briefly outlines low modernism, and is a valuable source in offering an alternative to high modernism. I plan to use the information in this book to present to the reader a give-and-take analysis, as well as to offer modernism as a spectrum. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Robinson, Danielle. "Modernism at a Crossroad: The Spadina Expressway Controversy in Toronto, Canada ca. 1960-1971." //Canadian Historical Review//. 92.2 (2011). Web. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> A point that I want to make clear in my paper is that high modernism exists in part because of the inability of people to resist it. This article directly explains an event in which a group of people politically resisted the building of a road through their city (the road is an example of high modernism). This could make for a strong conclusion. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Scott, James C. //Seeing like a State - How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition have Failed//. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. 87-146. Print. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> Scott’s book is the inspiration behind writing my paper, and will be my primary source of information. In the sections of the book that I plan to use, Scott details what high modernism is, where it exists, and how it came into being. The most important thing about the book is that Scott details high modernism is such a way the he makes it easy for the reader (me) to draw parallels between his examples and outside examples, such as a college campus. Using this source in the introduction would give my paper a great jumping off point, and would give my paper direction. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Student Athletes. Personal Interview. 5 Apr 2012. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> In this interview, I spoke with some student athletes playing ultimate frisbee on memory mall, near where the trees had been planted. The players readily shared their disapproval of the planting of the trees, explaining that they interrupted years of tradition (talking about where and how they placed their playing field). In addition to sharing the inconvenience posed by the trees, they also explained that they were somewhat dangerous, as players sometimes run into them while playing. // UCF Campus Directory //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">. Map. University of Central Florida. Orlando, Florida. Web. // Provides the map of the UCF campus that appears on the directories that are located variously around the campus. There are striking resemblances between the UCF campus map and the Magic Kingdom map. // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">UCFPD. Telephone Interview. 27 Apr 2012. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> In this phone interview, I ask a UCF PD community office about the relationship between the campus police and the Orlando PD. The importance of cooperation between the two is expressed. I also asked how the campus’ shape may impact the determination of the boundaries in jurisdiction. I can use this interview to note on the legibility present on a college campus. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">UFPD. Telephone Interview. 27 Apr 2012. <span style="font-family: 'times new roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> A similar interview was conducted with the campus police of the University of Florida. A similar response was expected and given. Although not explicitly stated, I got the impression that jurisdiction was much more obvious for the UCF campus over the UF campus. //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Urban Planning Guide //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">. Revised Edition. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1986. Print. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">This book is another ‘how-to’ guide. Also, the information is not from the last ten years.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Not sure why the pictures did not load. Sorry.